Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing - 801 Words

My personal interest in this controversial topic Since Middle School, I was not opposed to standardized testing. I thought of it as a way of testing us of what we have learned. Although, after reading some articles about standardized testing I am re-thinking the pros and cons. From personal experience, I thought of it as a challenge to pass them. But now that reminisce about it, I noticed some of the cons of standardized testing. I remember having a week or two dedicated for testing, and in case of students failing they had to take time to redo it. It would take a while for all the students to finish their tests. And after remembering how it was back in those times I was more on the opposed side. The act signed in 2002, NCLB, caused for a†¦show more content†¦Parents oppose the standardized tests because they can cause stress and anxiety to their children. Students disagree with many tests because it can cost them admission to a university, or passing to the next grade. Teachers oppose the tests because it takes too much time. They have to teach their students what is going to be on the test. Also, the schools and teachers lose funding depending on the results. What warrants (assumptions) will you imply or state? Why? First, I will state that standardized testing is not helping education in the United States. This will be stated first because it will clarify my topic. Secondly, I will imply that there are other ways education in the United States could improve without the use of standardized testing. Can you maintain an open mind and reverse your views if you come across information you hadn’t anticipated? If I find, research about why standardized testing has helped improve the education in the United States; and, if there is information on how it has helped students progress over time. I would be open to information that could counter my claims. What qualifiers will you include in your claim to make it more reasonable and manageable? One qualifier I will use is standardized testing improving the US education? This will qualify the US education. Also using qualifiers like there are many students that are opposed to standardized testing. I will also be using some teachers and parents also opposeShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1400 Words   |  6 PagesEven though there are many downsides to standardized testing there are still viable reasons why they are still being used today. One of the main reasons includes the easy and quick access of testing students. Standardized testing allows schools to quickly access a large amount of students at one time. This is also one of the cheapest ways to tests such a large crowd due to machinery that grades which results in low tests costs for students. These tests also help by setting a national curriculum forRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing1050 Words   |  5 Pageseducational world is standardized tests. All fifty states have their own s tandards following the common core curriculum. There are many positives and negatives that go with the standardized tests. A standardized test is any type of â€Å"examination thats administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner† (Popham, 1999). These standardized tests are either aptitude tests or achievement tests. Schools use achievement tests to compare students. There are pros to standardized examinations as toolsRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1025 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are standardized tests? Standardized tests are exams that are administered, scored, and interpreted in the same way for all students. Now there are many pros and cons of standardized testing however, I believe that public and private schools should just abolish standardized testing all together. These tests determine a student’s academic performance and each student is given the same test with the same questions and answers. These tests are designed to measure the students learning capabilitiesRead MorePros and Cons of Standardized Testing583 Words   |  2 PagesStandardized testing has its pros and cons I do not believe in it but I will give you proof for and against the testing. We will cover some the history and where the testing came from and why we do it. I will talk a little bit of how I feel about testing and how much we should focus on ho w the students do on the test. I have interviewed a few teachers that I had when I went to school and some personal friends that are teachers now and how it effects how they teach. Most historians trace the beginningRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesStandardized testing is a down fall to many students but also an opportunity for many others. Standardized testing has its pros and its cons. It can be the make it or break it factor into getting into colleges you are hoping to attend or the scholarships you want to earn. Some people may have their opinions about the test, whether they hate it or not but the fact is that it’s here to stay. What exactly is standardized testing you may ask, it is a test which measures the knowledge among differentRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1491 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing was introduced by French psychologist Alfred Binet in 1905. The test originated because Binet was commissioned by the French government to create a tool to identify which students needed remedial studies. Over time, the standardized tests evolved into multiple different tests in multiple subjects for varying age groups of students. The tests were initially seen as a way to test a large sum of people with the same general questions to see an individual’s knowledge. Some peopleRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1511 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years the educational system has faced various controversial issues, but the most recent one making a negative impact on students, is standardized testing. Standardized testing is a type of testing used to evaluate stud ents academic abilities . It is a way to measure if standards are being met but does not provide a variation in the type of administration based on the students needs (Sacks, 2000). In other words, all children are provided these test to track their learning progress basedRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1100 Words   |  5 Pagesscience, history, and science. Then, every year, students typically take one big standardized test, or even more. These tests are claimed to give educators an objective that’s unbiased. Standardized testing supposedly helps identify the natural tendency of individual students, identifying skill development and progress. However, are these things what standardized testing really do for students? Standardized testing only measures a small portion of what makes education substantial. This means thatRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1201 Words   |  5 Pages Standardized testing is all based on your performance as a student on a specific day, time and place. What it doesn’t show is how you perform on a day to day basis. These types of test can be given in any type of form that requires test takers to answer the same questions, and is then scored in a â€Å"standard† or consistent manner. Students should not have to take standardized test because of many reasons. As a human I have days where I’m tired and didn’t get enough sleep the night before or it isRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing704 Words   |  3 Pagesschool. But the majority can attest to saying that they all hate standardized testing and the week that it brings. Every student knows this week all too well. From having one to two tests a day and then shortly after not being able to function properly on the rest of the school day. Many students will say that they all hate the idea of standardized testing and wish it to be gone. The real question stands though: is standardized testing increasing the performance of students? The main argument against

John Steinbeck Experiencing the Dust Bowl Essay - 1364 Words

The 1930s were a decade of great change politically, economically, and socially. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl wore raw the nerves of the people, and our true strength was shown. From it arose John Steinbeck, a storyteller of the Okies and their hardships. His books, especially The Grapes of Wrath, are reflections of what really went on in the 1930s. John Steinbeck did not write about what he had previously read, he instead wrote what he experienced through his travels with the migrant workers. His method was not to present himself notebook in hand and interview people. Instead he worked and traveled with the migrants as one of them, living as they did and arousing no suspicion from employers militantly alert against†¦show more content†¦Steinbeck had been aware of the labor problems in his state of California, but for these articles he wanted to experience it firsthand. For inspiration for his articles, and also what would turn out to be the inspiration for Gra pes of Wrath, he visited the farms outside his native Salinas and also visited the squatter camps near Bakersfield (Lisca 12-14). These visits to the squatter camps led to his creation of the Weedpatch camp in Grapes of Wrath. A few years later, Steinbeck returned to California to write Grapes of Wrath and to further research the flawed California labor. He was not, however, merely researching materials for his next book, but passionately involved in the suffering and injustice (Lisca 16). His fervor for the migrant cause almost lead him to abandon his recent writing and revise Of Mice and Men and sell it so he could donate to money to the migrant workers. In early September 1936, Steinbeck went back to Salinas to find that there was a violent clash between growers and workers over a strike that resulted in riots and killings. This turned Steinbeck upside down, because now it was not only something happening in California, but was happening in the town where he grew up. While visiting migrant camps that were being flooded by the torrential rain in Visalia, he was filled with anger at the conditions in which these people were living (DeMott 3). The people were living inShow MoreRelated John Steinbeck: Experiencing the Dust Bowl Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pages The 1930’s were a decade of great change politically, economically, and socially. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl wore raw the nerves of the people, and our true strength was shown. From it arose John Steinbeck, a storyteller of the Okies and their hardships. His books, especially The Grapes of Wrath, are reflections of what really went on in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck did not write about what he had previously read, he instead wrote what he experienced through his travels with the migrantRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath Literary Analysis997 Words   |  4 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck uses numerous literary techniques to advocate for change in the social and politi cal attitudes of the Dust Bowl era. Simile, personification, and imagery are among the many devices that add to the novel’s ability to influence the audience’s views. Moreover, through his use of detail, Steinbeck is able to develop a strong bond between the reader and the Joad clan. This bond that is created evokes empathy from the audience towards the Joads as they face numerousRead MoreWhen Creating His Short Stories/Novels, John Steinbeck1665 Words   |  7 PagesWhen creating his short stories/novels, John Steinbeck focused on what it meant to be human. He included life experiences and really fed off of that in many of his writings. Steinbeck was able to experience many struggles in the 1900s such as the great depression and both world wars, all events of which were first hand experiences. Being born in the early 1900’s, Steinbeck revolved around themes relevant to the world and his era. His books/novels fall under these categories: disenfranchisement, integrityRead MoreThe Strength of Unity A sense of community was a necessity for many Americans during the era of1200 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity was a necessity for many Americans during the era of the Great Depression. With the drought in the Dust Bowl and other catastrophes, many were forced to relocate elsewhere in attempt to survive. The Grapes of Wrath, written by John Steinbeck, illustrates the importance of unity during privation through the idea that members of society must work in unison to achieve a common goal. Steinbeck demonstrates this theme through multiple aspects in the book. Being united in a group provides people theRead MoreJohn Steinbecks use of Realism, Characterization, and Dreams in The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men2450 Words   |  10 PagesJohn Ernst Steinbeck has written many award winning novels, some of which has even been produced as plays that captured audiences everywhere. Steinbeck wrote about real life experiences using realism, characterization, and dreams to emphasize his poi nts and make an impact on his readers in order to reform or change society. The realism used in Steinbecks works is not only effective in informing the reader of circumstances that should be changed, but this nineteenth century literary style also createsRead MoreEssay on Grapes Of Wrath2532 Words   |  11 Pages The Grapes of Wrath nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John Steinbeck wrote The Grapes of Wrath, a remarkable novel that greatly embodied the entire uprisal of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl in the 1930’s. The usage of imagery and symbolism help to support his many different themes running through the course of the novel. His use of language assisted in personifying the many trials and tribulations which the Joad family, and the rest of the United States, was feeling at the time. This wasRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1579 Words   |  7 Pages In the two texts A Fine Balance (1995) by Rohinton Minstry and The Grapes of Wrath (1939) by John Steinbeck, the idea that adverse experiences impact an individual’s beliefs is explored through the different ways that the composers of both texts convey how living in a hostile environment and loss can change an individual’s personal philosophy. Throughout the two texts it is apparent that a hostile and oppressive society exists and through the use of various techniques, the authors reveal how livingRead MoreAnalysis Of Steinbeck s The Passage 2133 Words   |  9 PagesSteinbeck magnificently developed the passage, due to he beautifully transitioned the setting from a melancholy atmosphere to a hopeful, and joyful environment, using excellent language, which adds emotion to the connotation to Ma’s words. As an illustration, in the passage Ma Joad states she currently feels forlorn, due to she is recalling her loved ones that she has lost throughout her journey to the government camp. However, the rationale for her mood is, due to she is overwhelmed by the wonderful

Globalization and Its Impact on Bangladesh Economy Free Essays

Assignment On â€Å"Globalization and its Impact on Bangladesh Economy† (ECO 360, Section: 1) Assignment on â€Å"Globalization and its impact on Bangladesh Economy†. Subject: ECO 360 (Socio-Economics Profile of Bangladesh) Section: 1 Submitted To: Muhammad Mahboob Ali Adjunct Faculty, Department of Economics, East West University. Submitted By: Name| ID| | | | | | | Acknowledgement In the preparation and finish this assignment, we acknowledge the encouragement and assistance given by a number of people and institution. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Its Impact on Bangladesh Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now We would like to express our gratitude to our faculty at East West University; Mahboob Ali for providing us detailed feedback and advice on this assignment. He always gave us his suggestions in making this study as flawless as possible. We also like to thank our group members for co-operating me in many troublesome tasks. And never the less above all our heartiest thanks goes to all mighty Allah without his help. We would not be here. Letter of Transmittal Date: 23th November, 2012 Muhammad Mahboob Ali Department of Economics, East West University Subject: Submission of Assignment. Sir, It’s our great pleasure to submit the assignment. A study was making on a economics sector that you have asked us to prepare and we select â€Å"globalization impact on Bangladesh economy† to study. We have tried our best to follow the instruction that was given by you. Throughout this study we tried to identify whether globalization play positive or negative impact on our country’s economy. As well as, we also discuss the overall condition of our country’s economy also. We sincerely hope that you will enjoy this report as we enjoyed while writing it. If you need any further clarification or quarry in interpreting this analysis, we will be glad to oblige you. Thank you. Abstract: Over the past decades, globalization has now become a new world order, new world order, which virtually influences everything that comes in our mind. Developing countries like Bangladesh with vulnerable geopolitical locations and weak economies are now looking at globalization to strengthen their economy to fight any perceived threats. But the increasing role played by the western dominated institutions such as, the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in setting the rules under which globalization is played, has placed developing ountries in a much disadvantageous position vis-a-vis the developed countries. However, a closer look at the globalization will show that it has both positive and negative impacts on the economy of Bangladesh. A thorough understanding of the effect of globalization is needed to use its advantages to improve her economy. This may also help Bangladesh maintain a sustained growth in the face of likely economic peril. This paper studies both negative and positive impacts of globalization on some selected economic sectors of Bangladesh. It also studies some ameliorative measures to overcome the negative impacts and also the ways to exploit the opportunities created. Finally the paper recommends some measures for Bangladesh to meet the challenges of economic globalization. Table of Contents No. | Topic| Page| 1. | Introductiona) Generalb) Motivation and Significance of the Researchc) Research Questions| 7 – 8| 2. | Literature Reviewa) Globalization as a phenomenon. b) The positive impact of globalization. c) The negative impact of globalization. | 9 – 12| 3. | Objective of the Study| 13| 4. | Methodology| 14| . | Limitation of the Research| 14 | 6. | Analysisa) Overall Economic Condition of Bangladesh. b) Opportunities of Globalizationc) Challenges of Globalization| 15 – 25| 7. | Recommendations| 26| 8. | Conclusion| 27| 1. Introduction Globalization in the broadest sense implies integration of economies and societies across the globe through the flow of technology, trade and capital. It basicall y refers to a process that enables people, goods, information, norms, practices and institutions to transcend national jurisdictions through markets, technologies, interests and information flows. Four types of changes characterize globalization. First, it involves a stretching of social, political and economic activities across frontiers, regions and continents. Second, it is marked by the growing magnitude of interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment, finance, migration, culture, etc. Third, it can be linked to a speeding up of global interactions and processes. And fourth, the effects of distant events can be highly significant elsewhere and specific local developments can have considerable global consequences. Thus the boundaries between domestic matters and global affairs become increasingly fluid. Globalization, in short, can be thought of as the widening, intensifying and growing impact of worldwide interconnectedness. It causes an expansion in the volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services. Globalization is a much used term and there are diverse views as to how and why globalization is occurring this time around. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a globalization in economic markets, but we can see its pervasive and widespread impacts at the present time. Every country in this world enters into global economy and trying to cope with the pace of global economy. Bangladesh is one of the developing countries in the world and its economy has already being impacted by global economy. It is not possible for a third world country like Bangladesh to keep pace with global economy, because it is conceivable that the origins of globalization lie in the political decision by merely the developed countries of the world. Bangladesh’ economy experiences a recession of industrial growth. The study is focused that there is strong opportunity for Bangladesh to boost its economy, but the socio-political situation should be favorable one to enhance savings and investment in this country. The study articulates some strong recommendations that could make Bangladesh even stronger to boost to compete globally to a greater magnitude. It is conceivable that Bangladesh needs to privatize its State- owned enterprise (SOEs) and should maintain an unassailable relation with World Bank, IMF and other donor agencies. It is a big challenge for Bangladesh to contend in global economy through considerable internal and external obstructions. The entire paper is arranged by giving a brief current economic condition of Bangladesh followed by an introduction initially; after then the next section is discussed how Bangladesh economy impacted through regional trade agreement and later the paper portrays the role of privatization in Bangladesh economy. And this paper also discusses how Globalization affects the whole economy of our country Bangladesh. Later the paper discusses some constraints of Bangladesh economy and then it illustrates some basic recommendations that could make this economy stronger to compete with global economy. And at last a conclusion is illustrated that reflects the overall theme of this paper. It would be very difficult to keep pace with modern globalization. Therefore, one of the greatest challenges faced by Bangladesh in this century is how to strengthen its participation in the global economy in a manner that will bring widespread and sustainable benefits to its people. Motivation and Significance of the Research The motivation that we have for this research is based on the fact that we are Bangladeshi who have seen and experienced the impact of globalization phenomenon on economic development. Developed countries use globalization for improving their economy in many ways. We have marked how these countries use globalization to their advantage. Having compared the socio-political and economic environment of Bangladesh and the countries we have researched, we are now in a position to understand the likely effects of globalization on Bangladesh economy. We would like to take this opportunity to do the research based on our experience and understanding of the subject from our reading. Research Questions The primary question of this term-paper is: What is the overall impact of Globalization in Bangladesh economy? What should Bangladesh do to use the advantages of globalization in improving her situation? 2. Literature Review Many books and articles have discussed the various effects of globalization exhaustively. These studies include globalization as a phenomenon in general and the positive and the negative impacts of globalization in particular. Even though many books and articles have addressed globalization from the developing countries point of view, few even mention its impact specifically on Bangladesh. Globalization is a growing concern and it is perceived as a vast subject that can impact all aspects of the world, or a nation. People blame globalization for affecting everything from culture, to political systems, to religious institutions, and the economy; all of these perceived impacts of globalization would impact Bangladesh differently. It is important to determine how exactly it can impact Bangladesh. This paper will concentrate on finding viable options for Bangladesh to sustain the world of global economy. The paper will also focus on the measures that Bangladesh might consider in using the effects of globalization in its economic growth. The literature generally looks at globalization from three different angles. These are: a) Globalization as a phenomenon. b) The positive impact of globalization. c) The negative impact of globalization. a) Globalization as a Phenomenon Historical Foundation: The origin of the concept of globalization stretches far back to the activities of the early Mediterranean civilizations before the fifth century A. D. 1 The ancient explorers, motivated primarily by the prospects of material gain, traversed the â€Å"silk route† between China and Europe, the â€Å"amber route† from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and the â€Å"spice route† by sea between Egypt, the Yemen and India. During this period, up to the end of the fifteenth century, the volume of long distance trade, travel, and communications was inevitably irregular. 2 Increased trading expeditions by British, Dutch, and Portuguese merchants in the seventeenth century raised the demand for colonial goods such as coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, and chocolate. The requirement for more production of these goods as the demand increased prompted the beginning of slave trade from Africa to the Americas and Europe. Following these expeditions, European languages were easily transplanted to other continents and the three monotheistic religions namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism took root. In the nineteenth century, the technology revolution in transport and communications including the emergence of the railway, the telegraph and the steam ship all lowered freight rates and raised incomes therefore further boosting globalization. Core Elements of Globalization: Basically, globalization rests on a tripod namel y, the expansion of markets economic), challenges to the state and institutions (political), and the rise of new social and political movements (cultural). 8 economically, technological changes and government deregulation have permitted the establishment of transnational network in production, trade, and finance creating what is referred to as a â€Å"borderless world†. The second element affects States. Political power and activities extend across the boundaries of nation- states while policy making on issues such as human rights, environmental degradation and nuclear safety have required global consensus. The third element of globalization affects more than markets and states. It is altering the lives of people across the globe. Fast dissemination of media, books, music, international ideas and values has produced a somewhat global culture. b) Positive impacts of globalization: A thorough understanding of the effect of globalization is needed to use its advantages to improve the economy of Bangladesh. This may also help Bangladesh maintain a sustained growth in the face of likely economic peril. Though some view NGO (Non-Government Organization) as a tool of economic exploitation, it brings changes on the living condition and status of the poor and rural people. Excludes are now becoming Includes. While most low-income countries depend largely on the export of primary commodities, Bangladesh has made the transition from being primarily a jute-exporting country to a garment-exporting one. This transition has been dictated by the country’s resource endowment, characterized by extreme land scarcity and a very high population density, making economic growth dependent on the export of labor-intensive manufactures. A greater integration with the global economy seems to fit well with Bangladesh’s development efforts. The garment sector opens the door of sufficiency to the people who previously live in a hurdle living. The export-oriented garment industry presently employs around 2. 5 million workers – mostly women from low-income, rural backgrounds. The second dominant export-oriented activity, shrimp farming, is also very labor intensive, presently employing nearly half a million rural poor. This economic revaluation is not only creates skilled sectors but also gradually decreased unemployment problem. More generally, import liberalization is likely to have contributed to the creation of productive employment for the poor through the strengthening of many small-scale and informal sector activities that have benefited from improved access to imported inputs. Another issue of great importance to Bangladesh is that the free movement of migrant workers across borders be expanded, for workers’ remittances play an important role in its economy. Moreover, as a result of increasing global connection and technological improvements diversification of export is possible as many new export items are added as the global demands are increasing. We can talk about ship building industry and IT based call center service are now coming as a new dimension in our economic arena. Globalization also creates impact on our culture and social structure as we are now considering ourselves as a global citizen. The interaction with other cultures and knowledge and information about other societies create a great impact on our lifestyle and thinking. c) Negative impacts of globalization: The removal of the Multi-Fiber Arrangements (MFA) quotas now threatens to increase competition in the global garment industry and thus limit Bangladesh’s growth. The strength of the industry depends on the export quotas dictated by the MFA and preferential access in the major Western markets. Moreover, other export industries are unlikely to take its place if the garment industry shrinks. It is not easy for a Least Developed Country (LDC) like Bangladesh to specialize in manufactured exports. Having low wage costs can hardly compensate for its lack of marketing skills and infrastructure and poor overall investment climate. Moreover, the high degree of dependence of domestic industries on imported raw materials and industrial inputs makes it difficult for Bangladesh. In this connection, it is likely to mention that, the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) rules were devised decades ago to help developing countries promote export-oriented industrialization. But, in effect, the rules proved discriminatory against LDCs like Bangladesh that count on low value-addition processing activities. On top of these rules, Bangladesh also has to worry about non-tariff barriers such as those relating to environmental or labor standards. Anti-dumping actions are already under way against exports from Bangladesh, Also, the role of globalization played by the western dominated institutions such as, the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The agenda of the Bangladesh’s economical sector and upcoming debt formulated by these kinds of organizations are running on the process of economic exploitation of a country. For this, they are willing to give money for construct a road rather than a factory. Beside this for every debt they are selling their products in our country without any tax. Globalization is a well excepted term all over the world, but developed countries are the real beneficiaries of the concept; whereas the developing countries are in a confused situation to relate the term on their economic, social, political and personal life and it cannot helps to reduce the gap between haves and have not. 3. Objective of the Study: The overall objective of the project is to expand the theoretical discussion on the relationship between globalization, environmental change, resource use social suffering and human security in the context of a least developed country-Bangladesh. And the primary objective is to analysis how globalization effect on country’s economy. This study will: †¢ investigate the role environmental change play in social conflicts and resultant social suffering; †¢ assess the role of population movement as a factor of environmental degradation; †¢ Critically assess the gender dimension of social change resulting from the interacting forces of globalization and environmental change. The principal objective of this study was to identify all major dimensions and issues of †¢ Globalization and attempt to explain those, to the extent possible, from industrial perspective. The specific objectives set were as follows: †¢ To assess the effect and impact of the process of globalization on the life and livelihood of industry especially in Bangladesh. †¢ To analyze the overall economic condition of Bangladesh. †¢ To find the opportunities and challenges of Globalization in the context of Bangladesh economy. 4. Methodology: We used descriptive and expletory design to prepare our assignment. By design, this study was an exploratory type of study. For our primary research, we mostly used the resources of the web and the library. And some standard reference sources like – †¢Daily Newspaper †¢Weekly Newspaper †¢Magazine †¢ Economic Reports based on Bangladesh Economy For finding materials in the web, we used the standard search engines such as †¢Google †¢Yahoo †¢AltaVista As well as reference sites and news sites, we also used some Bangladeshi search engines. 5. Limitation of the Problem : All data are not available in internet. It was very short time to collect all relevant data and to prepare this assignment. Also we faced load shedding problem and our lab was over crowded that distract our mind sometimes. . Analysis a) Overall Economic Condition of Bangladesh: Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world, but it is plausible that the overall growth rate of Bangladesh is not stagnant; the overall growth rate of Bangladesh is actually moving forward. The growth average of Bangladesh is 5. 4%per year over the FY01-05 period, which has been the highest since the country’s independence (The World Bank). Bangladesh has global merchandize trade relationship ships with many countries around the world. Bangladesh has a good market in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Germany. Bangladesh also exports goods and services from around the globe. The economy of Bangladesh is a rapidly developing market-based economy. Its per capita income in 2010 was est. US$1,700 (adjusted by purchasing power parity). According to the International Monetary Fund, Bangladesh ranked as the 43rd largest economy in the world in 2010 in PPP terms and 57th largest in nominal terms, among the Next Eleven or N-11 of Goldman Sachs and D-8 economies, with a gross domestic product of US$269. billion in PPP terms and US$104. 9 billion in nominal terms. The economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% per annum over the past few years. More than half of the GDP is generated by the service sector; while nearly half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector. Other goods produced are textiles, jute, fish, vegetables, fruit, leather and leather goods, ceramics, ready-made goods. Garments sector is t he largest exporting sector for Bangladesh. For Bangladesh, openness to trade would be a vital basis of future growth. Growth from trade directness will depend upon simultaneous investment climate reforms that would boost competitiveness to domestic firms. In Bangladesh the government should undertake policies to attract overseas remittance into productive investment activities. Remittances from Bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the Middle East, are the major source of foreign exchange earnings; exports of garments and textiles are the other main sources of foreign exchange earnings. Ship building and cane cultivation have become a major force of growth. GDP’s rapid growth due to sound financial control and regulations has also contributed to its growth; however, foreign direct investment is yet to rise significantly. Bangladesh has made major strides in its human development. The land is devoted mainly to rice and jute cultivation as well as fruits and other produce, although wheat production has increased in recent years; the country is largely self-sufficient in rice production. Bangladesh’s growth of its agricultural industries is due to its fertile deltaic land that depends on its six seasons and multiple harvests. Transportation, communication, water distribution, and energy infrastructure are rapidly developing. Bangladesh is limited in its reserves of oil, but recently there has been huge development in gas and coal mining. Bangladesh’s economy has been remarkably resilient, with GDP growth averaging 5? % a year for the past 15 years. But the growth has been off a low base, so the country remains one of the poorest in Asia. Its economic base is narrow (based around garments and agriculture) and vulnerable to natural disasters. Moreover, despite a recent period of relative calm, political stability is far from assured. Bangladesh is below the regional average for per capita income, growth and creditworthiness. The business climate can be difficult – but according to the World Bank’s Doing Business Survey no worse than the regional average. Like most developing economies, Bangladesh can be a risky place to do business. But it does have attractions: a large and growing population; steady GDP growth; and strong demand for foreign capital to meet the country’s large infrastructure and energy needs. Chart 2 shows the different criteria of risks to exporters and investors of Bangladesh. Over the past 15 years, growth has been rapid and has slowly accelerated. Over 2012-14, the IMF expects growth to be over 6% pa, an impressive performance in the current economic climate. However, this partly reflects strong population growth, with per-capita income growth continuing to lag the regional average. Moreover, inflation remains a problem, with prices recently being boosted by reductions to fuel subsidies and a weakening in the currency. Inflation is also very exposed to swings in food prices, which account for 60% of consumption. ) Opportunities of Globalization: Bangladesh has a low human capital stock and is relatively closed to the global economy even by standard of the other low-income countries. Therefore, Bangladesh has not yet fully become part of the global economy. This is as truer in trade as in technology achievements. Globalize offers the potential to free Bangladesh and other developing countries from the restrictions imposed by a relatively small domestic ma rket, low saving and limited access to world technology and credit. 1. Opportunity to break the vicious circle: It offers an opportunity to break the vicious circle of savings and investments, a long-standing important challenge for all developing countries. Better education, training, technology, equipment and infrastructure in general raise living standard. Due to globalization, foreign investment in our country will increase. If we can properly utilize it then employment will increased which will raise the income of people of Bangladesh. So, if there is a high rate of income then savings of people will increased which will enable us to break the vicious circle. 2. Alternative source of domestic investment finance: Globalization offers an alternative source of domestic investment finance. Such financing is channeled through direct investment and frequently come with attached benefits, such as technology transfer, training, marketing networks and managerial and technical expertise. Foreign investment is especially attractive when it brings its own physical capital and the means to enhance human capital of domestic citizens. 3. Increasing the living standards of poor people and employment opportunities: Globalization is increasing the living standards of poor people in Bangladesh. Industries from foreign investments create employment opportunities for a large number of people including young women who, for the first time, can visibly enter the male dominated public space. Foreign and export oriented industries are changing the economic and social scenario of Bangladesh which, results in an increase of living standards. 4. Motivating the people and increasing the modernity of our society: Increasing globalization is motivating the Bangladeshi people and increasing the modernity in our society. A person can forces by inspiration refers what effect his direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior. Foreign investments create high paying jobs, which require more knowledge and skill, therefore motivating people to work for a higher education. Bangladeshi students are performing better than before. Advertisements for foreign products also motivate people. Globalization allows foreign companies to advertise their products in our country. When people watch advertisements for expensive foreign products, they want to buy them even if they don’t have the ability. 5. The transfer of technology: Bangladesh has largely benefited from the transfer of technology. One nation cannot produce everything, because it has limited resources. Globalization gave us the opportunity to use modern technology. We got world-class telecommunication technology, which was not possible without foreign investment. 6. Modern telecommunication technology: Modern telecommunication technology connected us to the rest of the world. Bangladesh are getting technological advantages like computers and the Internet, transportation and online banking with evaluation in the modern world. We are earning foreign currency and creating many new jobs by exporting computer software. Globalization has made a big social and economic change in Bangladesh. 7. Increased competitiveness and raise export potentials: Product market competition induced by government policy of economic liberalization can bring about increased competitiveness and raise export potentials. The competition can be enhanced by reductions in transport and communication costs of conducting international trade, by removal of external tariff barriers, and by more vigorous application of pro-competitive policies in those domestic industries not exposed to international competition. Competition is healthy for the economy in the long run. It not only influences the relative bargaining power of firms and workers but it is also a force for renewal and change. 8. Actions of Employers to reap the opportunities of Globalization: Volatility in the labor market has prompted employers in Bangladesh to become more organized and to move towards greater unity. There is a tendency among the employers to shift certain risks and responsibilities away from the enterprise or society to the workers. Employers have tended to introduce new labor-saving technologies to reduce cost of production and to avoid the risk of labor unrest. Unlike in the public sector, employers in the private sector have resorted to growing casualization of workers resulting in the deprivation of workers of provident fund, gratuity, normal working days and hours, group insurance, leave encashment, leave with pay and pension benefits and, above all, job security 9. Actions of Trade Unions to reap the opportunities of Globalization: Economic integration and increasing competition erode the bargaining power of trade unions. However, the increasing mobility of goods and capital allows such obstacles to be readily circumvented, thereby prompting the trade union movement to adopt a global approach. Globalization has also created opportunities for trade unions by offering organized labour the alternative of collaborating with employers to enhance productivity, adaptability and product or service quality, in exchange for job security and higher wages. 10. Benefit from return migrants: Because of globalization also Bangladesh can benefit from return migrants. Migrants make-up a pool of potential investors and managers who have benefited from foreign training, not merely from academic or vocational training but in the wider sense of learning on the job and assimilating more of the global business culture . Migrants are likely to return for changing lifestyle for example they wish to return home to set up a business (however small) or to take advantage of early retirement. Due to globalization these migrants are interested to invest in Bangladesh 11. Foreign Direct Investment: FDI in RMG industry should be welcomed and pursued to ensure higher investment in this sector. FDI would also help in transferring technology and ensure bigger market access by providing direct linkages with the retailers. 12. Some other Opportunities of Globalization: Globalization has also created some new scope and opportunity for the development. Following may be considered as opportunities: a) Bangladesh is being integrated with global economy and business. b) Expanded private sector employment opportunity with poor labor rights.. c) Increasing competitiveness and efficiency. d) Emergence of new sectors of production and employment according to the global need, such as ternary, footwear, pharmaceuticals, RMG, etc. e) Labor export to external market increased. f) As more countries are participating in trade, finance and production, Bangladesh is being integrated globally to a greater extent than before. g) Increased economic interdependence compared to other developing nations. ) Bangladesh is being linked to both developed and developing countries more closely through economic institutions, international agreements or treaties. i) Increase in foreign capital, information and technology flows. j) Bangladesh is facing competition from increased internationalization of foreign enterprises, mergers and alliances. k) Bangladesh i s experiencing customer-driven (rather than product-driven) global and local markets, though at the same time segmented markets. l) Competitiveness of Bangladesh is increasingly being based not on low wages or natural resources but on knowledge/innovation, skills and productivity. ) Potential to boost productivity and living standards across the globe, because a globally integrated economy can lead to a better division of labor between countries, allowing low-wage countries like Bangladesh to specialize in labor-intensive tasks while high-wage countries use workers in more productive ways thus allowing global firms to exploit bigger economies of scale. So we think Globalization will help Bangladesh a lot to increase its overall economic condition and others sectors that need to be strong to build up a decent economy. c) Challenges of Globalization: Within a country, there is the challenge of forgoing liberalization policies that promote greater integration of the domestic economy into the global economy. There are pressures from trade unions, lobby groups and local businesses over the effect of these policies on jobs and the closure of local industries. These can make it politically and socially difficult to implement reforms that could benefit a country in the medium to long term. The responsibility for achieving the right balance and pace of adjustment lie with individual Governments, but in practice this is not simple as it appears. Bangladesh pursued a number a number of stabilization and structural reform programs between 1987 and 1993, and made considerable progress in achieving macroeconomic stability. The various challenges of globalization that Bangladesh faces are as follows:- 1. Challenges for national economy: During the period of rapid integration with the global economy, the incidence of poverty appeared to have increased and so have inequalities in the country. Economic reforms in the country produced disappointing results in the absence of a system to induce entrepreneurs to invest in industries. Lack of institutions to make the economy efficient and reduce transaction costs was also a reason behind the country’s poor performance. Inequalities increased in the country during the period of rapid globalization. Inequality in income distribution increased quite substantially both in rural and urban Bangladesh. 2. Challenges for our culture and social life: Globalization makes worldwide boundaries fade away and enlarging contest in the market place. For globalization we are facing a huge impact on our culture and social life in the modern world. For example, McDonalds introduced American fast food to other parts of the world. The American fast food of McDonalds, Pizza Hut, etc. are introducing to our country, which is a challenge for our Bengali fast food. Also the Indian culture becomes a major challenge for our own Bengali culture now-a-days. 3. Challenges for business: As in the case of industries, globalization impinges heavily on the business in Bangladesh with destabilizing forces debilitating balance of trade and balance of payments. Bangladeshi products are increasingly losing competitiveness in the global market due to growing cost of business exacting high prices. The cost of business is increasing primarily due to port problems, bureaucratic tangles in customs department and no improvement in lead-time. In contrast, an increasing number of countries are offering low-cost products. 4. Challenges of Globalization on Industry: In Bangladesh many industrial units in jute, cotton, RMG, and paper and several other sectors are closed down by a number of reasons of which globalization is one crucial factor. These industrial units have difficulties to compete both domestically and internationally. Even in the domestic market, it is difficult for them to keep up the competitive advantages compared to imported goods. Notably, in all these sectors there is considerable inflow of FDI and presence of MNCs (multinational companies) and there is no SOE. 5. Challenges faced by ICT and Bio-technology: Such challenges faced by Bangladesh for the ICT and Bio-technology and their Impact on Employment and Intellectual Property Rights are: a) Makes some of the traditional farming role of people redundant leading to unemployment particularly among older and rural people. ) It’s not a desires and traditions of our communities to imported bio-technologies always. c) Needs to make easy to codify and move some of the un-codified knowledge of local citizens to the worldwide market. However if uncompensated, the move deprives people the economic gains and royalty they should be entitled to. 6. Challenges for Power Sector: Government has opened up foreign investment in power generation as in dependent power producer (IPP), and has also privatized transmission and distribution to the private sector (DESA, DESCO). Significant private foreign capital invested in the sector. As a result Bangladesh Power Development Board gradually has been losing its control over the power sector. Companies appointed employees under new terms and conditions. Job security of the employees also was ensured by the agreement 7. Challenges for Telecommunication: Telecommunication service was exclusively under Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (BTTB). This sector has been opened up for private investment. Different private telephone companies, TV channels, marine and rural telecommunication, radio trucking service and revering telecommunication have already been opened up for private sector. These private phone companies or TV channels are capturing a large number of customers. As a result govt. owned companies losing their customers. Government has been making different efforts to privatize this sector like PDB under company management. There is strong opposition from employees against privatization of BTTB. 8. Challenges for Labor Market: In Bangladesh many industrial units jute, cotton, paper and RMG, and several other sectors were closed down by a number of reasons of which globalization is one of crucial factor. It is estimated that near about 7 thousand big and medium size industries closed down as an impact of globalization. In Bangladesh near about 2 million people lost their employment due to closure of industries. Most of the privatization and closure of industries resulted in huge retrenchment. Fall in the aggregate demand for labor has accelerated declination of wage. Real wage declined due inflation and currency market deregulation. Also there is a decreased in number of working people under permanent contracts of employment. Non-traditional forms of employment including part time, casual and contract labor, home-work and migratory work increased. Casualization of workers in the private sector resulted in deprivation of provident fund, gratuity, normal working days and hours, group insurance, leave, pension and above all job security. Numerical functional flexibility in labor market increased, increased of out sourcing of work, and increased irregular payment. In the name of competition workers are forced to work overtime. Minimum wages of the workers in the private sector are not protected. 9. Challenges for Employment: Challenges for employment are as follows:- a) Trade liberalization and privatization created social insecurity and aggravating, unemployment, underemployment. b) Social security of the workers decreased. c) Reduced job security, workers are terminated without benefits. d) Working environment degraded, especially in the private and informal sector. e) Labor laws are not implemented in most of the privately owned industries. 10. Mutual dependence: Globalization has increased mutual dependence between macroeconomic stability and good institutions and organizations, and made stability vulnerable to volatility in financial markets. Financial and currency crises around the world have occurred with an acceleration pace and with relatively more devastating impacts since the globalization process accelerated from 1989. 11. Some other Challenges: Bangladesh has to face some challenges to fight as well as cope with globalization. Challenges are as follows: a) Build up strong resistance against privation. b) Reopening of closed industries. c) Unite trade union movement to achieve greater collective bargaining power. d) Capacitate trade union with new bargaining approach. ) To fight against the fast changing rules of the game of rapid transformation workers need to develop knowledge based skill in manufacturing through continuous updating of skill to face the challenges of globalization. f) Build up global shared goal and action. Enhance global unionism to face the global challenges. g) Initiatives to influence International Financial Institution to ensure workers’ rights. h) Build up pact between trade union an d global consumers. Make global consumers responsible to ensure labor rights at national level. i) Organize informal sector as well non-unionized workers to strengthen trade union movement. ) Globalization not only affected workers but also affected different sections of the people, so it is important to organize voice from all sections. k) Workers alone would not be able to fight globalization. Influence political parties to incorporate the agenda. Globalization has both positive as well as negative impacts on its players. In an increasingly open, integrated and borderless world there have been remarkable growths in trade and exchanges. It was basically possible because of the democratization of technology, finance and communications. On the other hand globalization also generates number of problems. 7. Recommendations: The impact of globalization on the economy of Bangladesh is mixed with marginal positive outcome overshadowed by vast negative results. Globalization provides many opportunities for development for Bangladesh and its people, including the potential to improve wages and living standards. It has challenged many economic strategies of the past as the way towards development. It provides an impetus and incentive to develop human resources and to improve productivity as key factors of competitiveness and improved living standards. Globalization has made Bangladesh conscious of the need to improve productivity. Even unions in Bangladesh have come to acknowledge the importance of productivity enhancement to the standards of living of their own members. Trade liberalization and privatization has created social insecurity in terms of loss of jobs and aggravating unemployment and underemployment in the country pointing to the need for social protection to contain insecurity of the workers. Voice of the common workers, collective awareness and participatory management of trade unions at various levels are the three main processes for the improvement of trade union governance. The existing practice of centralized governance of trade unions has largely contributed to the major failures in the labor processes in Bangladesh. Competitive labor market is expected to link wages with productivity. In the case of SOEs, real wage growth outpacing productivity growth is a factor raising unit labor costs and reducing international competitiveness calling for adjustment of real wages in line with productivity growth. The state thus has a critical role to play; both in handling such shocks and in helping people and firms seize the opportunities of the global market place. Globalization also sharpens the need for international co-operation in at least five areas, such as: a) Managing Regional Crisis, b) Promoting global economic stability, c) Protecting the Environment, d) Fostering Basic Research and the dissemination of know-how and e) Making International Development Assistance more effective. Some Recommendations are given below: Government level reforms: Bangladesh Government has taken initiatives or resources for telecommunications and transports which are not along to meet the nation’s growing requirements. Bangladesh government should continuously improve system capabilities to enhance the private sector participation. Monetary Policy: The central bank must maintain a close look on the growth of the monetary base or domestic credit creation. Attract free flow of FDI : Foreign Direct Investment is inevitable for any developing economy. Bangladesh should create proper field to attract more FDI in industrial sector. Productive investment: Bangladesh needs substantial quality investment in the industrial sector and investment in those activities where we can produce more efficiently. The economic growth rate in Bangladesh is not necessarily constrained by insufficient savings; rather it is due to poor level of investment and lack of efficient use of capita Integration into World Markets: In Bangladesh, firms can be internationally integrated by means of ownership or by selling their products in foreign markets. In the readymade garments and leather/footwear industries, most of the firms are majority exporters, i. e. , they sell more than 50% of their output in export markets. In contrast, in the pharmaceuticals industries there are no majority exporters (Fernandes2006). Limited foreign capital assimilation: Every year Bangladesh seeks foreign capital for undertaking various projects. But foreign capital can be a substitute for domestic savings only to limited extent. Foreign aid, commercial borrowing and portfolio investment can limit the expansion of savings by expanding consumption. The government should immediately constitute a national committee on aid for trade to work on getting a better share of the aid-cake as well as adopt a foreign aid policy statement in consistent with the new PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) to make donors clear about the priority areas of aid. . Conclusion: Globalization has a very far-reaching effect on almost every sphere of life. In the question of economic development and growth it is even more being in this era of globalization. Developing country like Bangladesh must take the advantages of globalization and attempt to improve her economy. However, we found from each piece was that the impact of globalizati on was more negative on Bangladesh than it was positive. Globalization has not only kept Bangladesh from advancing ahead in economic development, but it has changed the traditions and ways of life for the indigenous people for the worse. As a poor country, Bangladesh needs to be more concerned about the appropriate implementation of Globalization. As we find thru our research, Bangladesh’s potentials to economic globalization is highly promising. We believe that the recommendation made in this paper if implemented well will take Bangladesh to a point of sustained economic growth and development. How to cite Globalization and Its Impact on Bangladesh Economy, Papers

I Am Writing A Report About Fidel Castro. He Is Famous For Taking Essay Example For Students

I Am Writing A Report About Fidel Castro. He Is Famous For Taking Essay Control of Cuba in 1959 and established a communist dictatorship. He was Born in Mayari on August 13,1927. As a boy he worked in his family sugar Plantation. Castro went to the University of Havana in 1945 and got his Degree in law in 1950. Castro married Mirta Diaz Balart. They only had one Son and soon after they had their son his wife divorced him in 1955. As a Lawyer he defended the poor and he was a candidate for the Cuban Congress. He did not get in congress because Batista canceled the elections. Castro and His brother Raul bought guns out of their pockets for 150 people. They Assaulted an army barracks in Santiago de Cuba. They went to jail for it and Castro went in to exile. They reorganized and about 80 people were killed in Another fight. Castro and other survivors escaped in to mountains. For two Years they escaped guerrila firing. The dictator that was in Cuba fled in January 1,1959 because his army collapse, and unable to count on the Support of the United States. This made they way for Castros rise to power. Castro declared that Cuba would not be ruled by dictator, but his Government was a communist dictatorship. He had his enemies excuted and filled the jails for being disloyal to him. Castro took over property that was Owned by United States. On April 1961 Cubans exiled to the United States. United States invaded Cuba in attempt to overthrow Castro. Castro and his Forces defeated them at the Bay of Pigs. Castro was able to consolidate his Power. Cuba aligned itself with the Soviet Union, which granted Cuba Massive economic, technical, and military assistance. In 1979 he was elected Chairman of the nonaligned nations movement, a position that gained him Some international prestige. Castro believes that he has a revolution duty to Fight imperialism in the developing world. He remains a critic of the U.S Foreign policy. The contribution that he made to the Spanish speaking world Is helping to defend the poor and becoming a chairman of the Nonalign ed Nations Movement

People, Organization and Risk

Youth Leadership essays

Youth Leadership essays Todays youth still face many attitudinal challenges to self-empowerment. Both the problem and the solution begin at home with their parents. Leadership training must start from an early childhood, as these young adults learn to take gradual responsibility for their own decisions. Only through self-determination, can these youth eventually achieve leadership in their respective communities. In addition to parental guidance, society has responsibility to create opportunities for these young adults to exercise good leadership. We must focus on the practice of leadership rather than the theory. Young adults should be given the opportunity to practice what they learn, such as being responsible for designing, organizing, and implementing their own conferences. Yet for many youth leadership implies a broader involvement. We need to encourage youth to pursue their own interests, and help them integrate into their local communities. Ultimately, the establishment of leaders in all asp ects of society will eventually improve the lives of all youth and people. As great leaders it is time for young adults to carry on the torch. Are the youth of America ready to assume the responsibilities? Have they been properly prepared to become the new leaders of tomorrow? As a leader, I have met face-to-face with the best talent that our country has to offer, I have as a leader had the privilege of demonstrating exactly what leadership is. There is no doubt in my mind that they as youth posses the potential to be great leaders. Just look at many personal accomplishments of some youth, and it is clear that we have far exceeded the prior generation. However, my pride and optimism are tempered by the inconsistency in leadership development among youth. The development of leadership potential is a slow and gradual process that must begin from early childhood. Our own perception of self-worth is heavily influenced by the expectations of o...

Google is a company that has created a road map for what IT companies Research Paper

Google is a company that has created a road map for what IT companies should be like explain how Google can be considered to be - Research Paper Example The organization was founded by Sergey Brin and Larry Page. It is considered as the world’s most important and popular customer Technology Company. The search engine of Google is supreme popular among the global internet users. The organization introduced Android operating system for the Smartphone buyers. The organization has a mission to organize the information of the world and make it useful and accessible across the globe (Google, 2013, p.1). Effective service and product differentiation strategy helped the organization to secure its leading position within the competitive market place. A broad range of technological products and services helped people to attain information about every possible necessary product across the globe. Strong research and development always ensures the quality of products and featured within these products. Online advertising is another major business growth driver of Google. Throughout its business operation Google Inc acquired several leading organization in order to develop a potential user base around the globe. Most importantly, this business strategy helped the organization to maximize its business profit margin. ... Therefore the organization tried to implement effective operational strategies in order to meet the satisfaction level of the users around the globe. Whether designing a new and attractive internet browser or a unique tweak to the get up of the home page, Google takes significant care in order to ensure that they ultimately serve people. They always try to meet their corporate and organizational value through effective customer service rather than achieving own bottom line or internal goal. The homepage interface of Google is quite simple and clear. In addition the pages load instantly right after a click. The organization constantly develops and introduces new applications and tools to ease the online activities of global users. Placements in the search results are never sold to any other individual. Effective privacy and significant security level of the applications motivate global users to access Google. The research and development team of Google exclusively focus on solving res earch problems. The research and development team constantly tries to find out a better solution for a particular problem. This continuous iteration helped the organization to solve difficult and complex issues. Continuous improvement in products and services and fast access to the information sites increased the acceptance level of Google among the global users (Franklin, Workman and Powell, 1997, p.12). An effective and impressive dedication to improve the searching process helps the organization to learn about new products and services. This actually enhances the knowledge and skill level of the employees to perform effectively. Gmail, Google maps are the most value added applications of Google that helps the people around the globe in

Evidence for Practice Innovation. Evidence-Based Nursing Essay

Evidence for Practice Innovation. Evidence-Based Nursing - Essay Example Due to the fact that evidence in nursing practice is a recent idea, it has not been embraced by many nurses. In fact only about 15% of the nurses in practice work within the requirements of evidence based practice. This small percentage is quite devastating since this concept has been well explained and its significance documented . This figure also shows the negative attitude that is present among the nurses towards the concept in question. Due to this negative attitude they have not embraced the concept thus derailing its success. It is also human that people become resistant to changes that occur in their field of work, especially if the change is as demanding as in the case of carrying out researches as in this case of evidence based practice. Many decisions that are made in bid to improve the quality of health care services offered always leaves out EBPN showing some bias towards the idea. This calls for the nurse leaders to take the initiative to find a way through which they can facilitate the diffusion of the concept of evidence among the nurses. These leaders will have to innovate an easier way to facilitate the nursing workforce to adopt this excellent concept of evidence based nursing practice. This thus forms the platform for the discussion of this topic on evidence based practice innovation amongst the nursing workforce. In this essay the issues to be discussed include the following. First, is the reason as to why the subject was chosen for discussion, second is to formulate a focus question. The essay also requires the writer to plan and carry out a structured search in order to find relevant evidence that will answer the focused question. Synthesis, appraisal and evaluation of differing types of evidence will be discussed and so will be the relevance of this topic to practice development.   Ã‚   Rationale for the choice of the subject Evidence for practice innovation being the topic of the discussion was chosen for various reasons. To begin with, there is a great necessity to innovate the concept of evidence for practice so as to make it easy for the nursing workforce to embrace the idea of evidence in practice. This is because the idea of evidence is very beneficial in the nursing profession and it will ensure that the services offered by the nursing workforce are scientific. Being one of the people in favor for the evidence based nurse practice; the writer is obliged to facilitate its innovation so as to eradicate the negative attitude many nurses have towards it3. Many nurses that are in practice face a huge challenge in translating research evidence into their practice. For this reason many of them recent the idea of using EBPN in their practice. If this idea was innovated making the interpretation process easy, many of these nurses would embrace the idea with lots of ease. Innovation would also be a wise move to ensure that there is adequate time for clinical attention to the patient. Time has always been a challenge for the nurses due to the increasing demand in health care services. Another

Marketing Principles of Virgin Atlantic Assignment

Marketing Principles of Virgin Atlantic - Assignment Example And this overrides the definition of marketing, which as mentioned earlier is delivering what the customer needs. . Various ELEMENTS of Virgin’s marketing planning process: The Company’s marketing process can be investigated using the SOSTAC model: Situation Analysis: Virgin Atlantic is currently one of the most popular airlines in the UK, with a fleet of 42 aircrafts, and 34 registered destinations. It made a reported loss of 80.2 Million pounds, and has stopped flying to a number of destinations since the last two years. Objectives: The objective of the Company is to increase the passenger number, fly to profitable destinations and be the number one choice for passengers. Strategy: The Company plans on achieving it’s objectives by engaging in more effective marketing, cutting unnecessary costs and providing better and more unique services. It is important to conduct a market research in order to identify what passengers of today expect in an airline, whether they are concerned with service or price. The requirements of passengers has changed from the last couple of years, where the main concern for individual and business travellers was price alone. Things have changed since then and it is important to realign the company’s strategy according to customer’s needs. Tactics: The Company will seek to sponsor more international events and support more causes so as to spread the brand name and make it more attractive to prospective passengers. Virgin Atlantic will also focus more on business travellers and provide differentiated services for them through enhancing their departure lounges, providing internet access during the flight, offer round the clock service in long flights and making their seats more comfortable. Another market... Center of discussion in this paper is Virgin Atlantic, one of UK’s most popular airlines, partially owned by Richard Branson (51%) and Singapore Airlines (49%) as a classic example of exemplary marketing strategies. The primary goal of the airline was to provide travelers with low cost travel opportunities with the highest quality. Subsequently their operations expanded to Miami, Boston, Orlando, Tokyo and Los Angeles. The Company’s uses all sorts of marketing techniques to promote its products which are mainly airline tickets and holiday packages. It uses print media, TV advertisements, posters and taxi sides to promote its logo and offers. The Company also offers a frequent flyer program that encourages loyalty in its existing customers, where customers are rewarded with free miles and â€Å"special services† such as access to lounges, dedicated phone and the like. The paper investigates the Company’s marketing process using the SOSTAC model. On an inter national level, Virgin Atlantic primarily focuses on building its brand and exemplifying its status as a â€Å"luxurious† and â€Å"trendy† company. It is impossible to cater a marketing strategy to the whole world, hence a tactful strategy would be to portray a general picture that has no cultural significance, and one that is based on a universal belief or feeling. International marketing requires a large amount of financial resources, before entering into a country’s market, companies have to know the laws and regulations of that country

Criminological Theories of Terrorism

Criminological Theories of Terrorism ORIGIN Terrorism has occurred throughout history for a variety of reasons. Its causes can be historical, cultural, political, social, psychological, economic, or religious-or any combination of these. Some countries have proven to be particularly susceptible to terrorism at certain times, as Italy and West Germany were during the 1970s. Terrorist violence escalated precipitously in those two countries for a decade before declining equally dramatically. Other countries, such as Canada and The Netherlands, have proven to be more resistant, and have experienced only a few isolated terrorist incidents. In general, democratic countries have provided more fertile ground for terrorism because of the open nature of their societies. In such societies citizens have fundamental rights, civil liberties are legally protected, and government control and constant surveillance of its citizens and their activities is absent. By the same token, repressive societies, in which the government closely monitors citizens and restricts their speech and movement, have often provided more difficult environments for terrorists. But even police states have not been immune to terrorism, despite limiting civil liberties and forbidding free speech and rights of assembly. Examples include Russia under tsarist rule and the Communist-ruled Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as the Peoples Republic of China, Myanmar, and Laos. In broad terms the causes that have commonly compelled people to engage in terrorism are grievances borne of political oppression, cultural domination, economic exploitation, ethn ic discrimination, and religious persecution. Perceived inequities in the distribution of wealth and political power have led some terrorists to attempt to overthrow democratically elected governments. To achieve a fairer society, they would replace these governments with socialist or communist regimes. Left-wing terrorist groups of the 1960s and 1970s with such aims included Germanys Baader-Meinhof Gang, Italys Red Brigades, and the Weather Underground in the United States. Other terrorists have sought to fulfill some mission that they believe to be divinely inspired or millennialist (related to the end of the world). The Japanese religious cult Aum Shinrikyo, responsible for a nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995 that killed 12 people, falls into this category. Still other terrorists have embraced comparatively more defined and comprehensible goals such as the re-establishment of a national homeland (for example, Basque separatists in Spain) or the unification of a divided nation (Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland). Finally, some terrorists are motivated by very specific issues, such as opposition to legalized abortion or nuclear energy, or the championing of environmental concerns and animal rights. They hope to pressure both the public and its representatives in government to enact legislation directly reflecting their particular concern. Militant animal rights activists, for example, have used violence against scientists and laboratory technicians in their campaign to halt medical experimentation involving animals. Radical environmentalists have sabotaged logging operations and the construction of power grids to protest the spoiling of natural wilderness areas. Extremists who oppose legalized abortion in the United States have attacked clinics and murdered doctors and other employees in hopes of denying women the right to abortion. Â  [2]Â   More than 2, 000 years ago the first known acts of what we now call terrorism were perpetrated by a radical offshoot of the Zealots, a Jewish sect active in Judea during the 1st century ad. The Zealots resisted the Roman Empires rule of what is today Israel through a determined campaign primarily involving assassination. Zealot fighters used the sica, a primitive dagger, to attack their enemies in broad daylight, often in crowded market places or on feast days-essentially wherever there were people to witness the violence. Thus, like modern terrorists, the Zealots intended their actions to communicate a message to a wider target audience: in this instance, the Roman occupation forces and any Jews who sympathized or collaborated with the invaders. Between 1090 and 1272 an Islamic movement known as the Assassins used similar tactics in their struggle against the Christian Crusaders who had invaded what is today part of Syria. The Assassins embraced the same notions of self-sacrifice an d suicidal martyrdom evident in some Islamic terrorist groups today. They regarded violence as a sacramental or divine act that ensured its perpetrators would ascend to a glorious heaven should they perish during the task. Â  [3]Â   THEORIES OF TERRORISM THE POLITICAL THEORY OF ANARCHISM AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM Terrorism is most definitely not a form of governance, but anarchism is. Most anarchists reject terrorism in its vanguard varieties (for nationalist or religious purposes), but in a theoretical sense, anarchism justifies terrorism as a form of criminal action that attacks the values of an organized, complacent society. Anarchism is a theory of governance that rejects any form of central or external authority, preferring instead to replace it with alternative forms of organization such as shaming rituals for deviants, mutual assistance pacts between citizens, syndicalism (any non-authoritarian organizational structure that gives the greatest freedom to workers), iconoclasm (the destruction of cherished beliefs), libertarianism (a belief in absolute liberty), and plain old rugged individualism. Anarchism is often referred to as the nineteenth century roots of terrorism, the term first being introduced in 1840 by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Anarchism definedis the rejection of the state, of any form of coercive government, of any form of domination and exploitation. It is the notion of free and equal access to all the worlds resources to enable positive freedom (freedom to) in place of negative freedom (freedom from, or the basis of most constitutional rights). THE POLITICAL THEORY OF FASCISM AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM Fascism is the one form of government with the most disagreement about a definition for it. The word comes from the Latin fasces which means to use power to scare or impress people. It generally refers to the consolidation of all economic and political power into some form of super-patriotism that is devoted to genocide or endless war with ones enemies. Benito Mussolini, who practically invented the term in 1922, said it is the merger of state and corporate power. Mussolinis version of fascism was based on the idea of an indomitable power and an attempt to resurrect imperial Rome. Adolf Hitler said fascism is the clever and constant application of propaganda so that people can be made to see paradise as hell, and the other way around. Hitlers brand of fascism drew upon philosophical reflections by Hegel, Nietzsche, and Spengler, and also drew upon Nordic folk romance from Wagner to Tacitus. Japanese fascism involved racism, fanaticism, historical destiny, and a mixture of Bushido, Ze n and Shinto Buddhism, emperor worship, and past samurai legends. THE PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF RELIGION AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM More than one criminologist has pointed out that the disciplines of theology, religion, and philosophy have had important things to say about terrorism (Stitt 2003; Kraemer 2004). It is also a fact that about a quarter of all terrorist groups and about half of the most dangerous ones on earth are primarily motivated by religious concerns (Hoffman 1993). They believe that God not only approves of their action, but that God demands their action. Their cause is sacred, and consists of a combined sense of hope for the future and vengeance for the past. Of these two components, the backward-looking desire for vengeance may be the more important trigger for terrorism because the forward-looking component (calledapocalyptic thinking, or eschatology) produces wild-eyed fanatics who are more a danger to themselves and their own people. The trick to successful use of terrorism in the name of religion rests upon convincing believers or convertees that aneglected dutyexists in the fundamental, m ainstream part of the religion. Religious terrorism is therefore, NOT about extremism, fanaticism, sects, or cults, but is instead all about a fundamentalist or militant interpretation of the basic tenets. Evil is often defined as malignant narcissism from a theological point of view, and religion easily serves as moral cover for self-centred terrorists and psychopaths (Stitt 2003). Religion has always absorbed or absolved evil and guilt in what is called theodicy, or the study of how the existence of evil can be reconciled with a good and benevolent God. Most religions theodicize evil away as either: (1) a test of faith; (2) a product of free will; (3) part of Gods plan; or (4) functional to let people learn right from wrong; and terrorists easily make use of these established theodicy or critiques of them (Kraemer 2004). THE ECONOMICS THEORY OF RATIONAL CHOICE AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM The discipline of economics has many concepts that are relevant to an understanding of terrorism supply and demand costs and benefits, etc. Fully-developed economic or econometric models of terrorism are quite rare, however, and often involve such things as psychic costs and benefits (Nyatepe-Coo 2004). More down-to-earth economic theories can be found in the literature ondeterrence. Rational choice theory, in particular, has found a place in criminology, and holds that people will engage in crime after weighing the costs and benefits of their actions to arrive at a rational choice about motivation after perceiving that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss. THE GLOBALIZATION THEORY OF TERRORISM Nassar (2004) has probably written the most interesting piece on globalization theory as it relates to terrorism, and although his ideas are fairly critical of the U. S. for exporting nightmares as well as dreams, he does provide a robust introduction to the complex topic of globalization. Globalization contributes to dreams, fantasies, and rising expectations, but at the same time, it leads to dashed hopes, broken dreams, and unfulfilled achievements. Terrorism breeds in the gap between expectations and achievements. The thinking is very similar to strain theory in criminology or the rising expectations theory of prison riots, and about the only thing unique about globalization theory is that it adds a rich-poor dichotomy. Rich people (or nations) are seen as wanting power and wealth, and poor people (or nations) are seen as wanting justice. From this perspective, then, rich people are part of the causal factor or root cause of terrorism, since they contribute to the conditions whic h give rise to it. Perpetrators of terrorism (always treated as an ill-defined concept in globalization theory) are never seen as born or raised with any specific predispositions toward it. In brief, globalization theory holds that if the oppressed and disgruntled poor people of the world were simply given the chance to find peaceful means for achieving justice, terrorism would not thrive. SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF TERRORISM Modern sociological perspectives are primarily concerned with the social construction of fear or panic, and how institutions and processes, especially the media, primary and secondary groups, maintain that expression of fear. Labeling theory in criminology, for example, is a social constructionist viewpoint that, in my opinion, goes about reconnecting consequences with causes in a way that is less systematic than the way functionalists did it a long time ago. Some societies become softer targets after terrorism (especially after short-term target hardening), and other societies become stronger in the long term. It depends upon interaction patterns, and stabilities and interpenetrations among the structural subsystems (economy, polity, religion, law). PSYCHIATRIC THEORIES OF MENTAL ILLNESS AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM The leading exponent of the terrorist-as-mentally-ill approach is Jerrold Post (1984; 1990), who has gone on record saying that the most dangerous terrorist is likely to be a religious terrorist, and that all terrorists suffer from negative childhood experiences and a damaged sense of self. His analysis of the terrorist mindset (a word that substitutes for terrorist personality, and technically means a fixed mental attitude or inclination) draws upon a view of mental illness that compels, or forces, people to commit horrible acts. It should be noted that we know from criminal justice that this is not the only possible view on mental illness. More crazy people come into contact with the law through sheer folly and foolishness than a compulsion their mental illness made them have. Post (1990) makes a somewhat neo-Freudian distinction between terrorists who desire to destroy the nation, or world, of their fathers and those who desire to carry on the mission, or world, of their fathers. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF TERRORISM David Hubbard (1983) was one of the first biological researchers of terrorism, and his line of work is similar to the familiar cycle of violence hypothesis in criminal justice. In this view, people who commit repetitive and cyclical acts of violence (which would include wife beaters, rapists, and serial killers) are driven by hormonal or neurochemical fluctuations in their body or brain chemistry. Three compounds, in particular, have been singled out as having abnormal levels among terrorists: norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and endorphins. Of these, norepinephrineis suspected as being the most influential, as it is associated with the so-calledflight or fight mechanismin human biology. The theory of fight or flight was developed by W. B. Cannon back in 1929, and refers to a state of arousal under stress in which the heart, lungs, and muscle operate more efficiently. As it applies to terrorism (and crime), the behavioral requirements of such activities (fighting exhilaration before an event, and fleeing manipulation of audience after an event) produce a syndrome of physiological need for arousal at fairly regular intervals. Motives for terrorism appear to be quite stable when the biological viewpoint is taken, and it is possible to link a variety of aspects in the typical terrorist profile with biological factors. TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES APPLIED TO TERRORISM Its not easy applying traditional criminological theories to terrorism. Most of these theories were designed to explain ordinary street crime like robbery or burglary, and have a certain hardiness to their perspectives which makes them difficult to extend. Ruggiero (2005) is typical of those who have attempted to apply such theories or suggest various extensions, starting with Durkheims functionalism by asking whether Durkheim would see terrorism as part of the normality of crime or as part of a clearly unacceptable, dysfunctional form of crime. On the one hand, Durkheim said that all crime serves positive functions (of innovation and evolution), but on the other hand, the organic metaphor that Durkheim used seems to suggest that some forms of crime only cause disintegration and are cancerous. The Chicago school of disorganization in criminology would presumably focus on the distinctiveness of different social worlds between terrorists and non-terrorists, analyzing the communication blockages, for example. Strain theorists would likely argue that terrorism is inevitable as a manifestation of the broken promise that everybody can rise from rags to riches, and study the adaptation Merton described as rebellion. Learning theorists would likely emphasize the importance of role models or the techniques of neutralization involved along with the drift into a terrorist lifestyle. Labeling theorists would probably say, cynically but truly, that terrorism is what the other person does. Control theorists would likely focus on terrorists being unattached, unloved, uncommitted to education or business, uninvolved in conventional tasks, and having their hands idle so time becomes the devils playground for them. Conflict theorists would probably focus on the presence or absence of associations that provide room for collective action and permanent confrontation, although more radical versions of conflict theory might glamorize terrorism as proto-revolutionary action. Integrat ed theories would likely focus on the influences of aggressive proneness, provocation, and the support of third parties. THEORIES UNIQUE TO DOMESTIC TERRORISM Freilich (2003) does a good job of reviewing the theories in this category, a relatively small area of research which tends to be studied within a field called the sociology of social movements. There are three groups of theories. The first is called economic/social integration theory, and it holds that high concentrations of farming, economic depression, and social disorganization are all related to high levels of domestic terrorist activity, militia movements in particular. In some varieties, it tends to be a kind of farm crisis or agrarian reform theory frequently used by those who study the Latin American context. The second theory is called resource mobilization theory, and it suggests that states which are more prosperous and socially integrated would tend to develop more domestic terrorist activity, on the basis that group competition for power and resources becomes intense. The third group of theories are called cultural theories, and propose that states experiencing greater cultural diversity and female empowerment along with increasing paramilitarism are likely to develop greater levels of domestic terrorist activity. In terms of research findings, more empirical support seems to exist for the third set of theories (at least according to Freilich 2003), although resource mobilization theory tends to dominate the theoretical literature. Also in general, there is more empirical support for the idea that domestic terrorism more often plagues richer and affluent nations than poor ones. Â  [4]Â  

History of Indonesia :: essays research papers

Early empires By the time of the European Renaissance, the islands of Java and Sumatra had already enjoyed a thousand-year heritage of civilization spanning two major empires. During the 7th to 14th centuries, the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya flourished on Sumatra. Chinese traveller I Ching visited its capital, Palembang, around 670. At its peak, the Srivijaya Empire reached as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. Also by the 14th century, the Hindu Kingdom of Majapahit had risen in eastern Java. Gajah Mada, the empire's chief minister from 1331 to 1364, succeeded in gaining allegiance from most of what is now modern Indonesia and much of the Malay archipelago as well. Legacies from Gajah Mada's time include a codification of law and an epic poem. Reasons for the fall of these empires remain obscure. Islam arrived in Indonesia sometime during the 12th century and, through assimilation, supplanted Hinduism by the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Bali, however, remains overwhelmingly Hindu. In the eastern archipelago, both Christian and Islamic missionaries were active in the 16th and 17th centuries, and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on these islands. Colonial era Beginning in 1602 the Dutch gradually established themselves as rulers of what is now Indonesia, exploiting the fractionalization of the small kingdoms that had replaced Majapahit. The most notable exception was Portuguese Timor, which remained under Portuguese rule until 1975 when it was invaded and occupied, becoming the Indonesia province of East Timor. The Netherlands controlled Indonesia for almost 350 years, excluding a short period of British rule in part of the islands after Anglo-Dutch Java War and the Japanese occupation during World War II. During their rule the Dutch developed the Dutch East Indies into one of the world's richest colonial possessions. During the first decade of the 20th century an Indonesian independence movement began, and it expanded rapidly between the two World Wars. Its leaders came from a small group of young professionals and students, some of whom had been educated in the Netherlands. Many, including Indonesia's first president, Sukarno (1945-67), were imprisoned for political activities. World War II In May 1940 the Netherlands surrendered to Germany (see World War II). The Dutch East Indies declared a state of siege and in July re-directed exports for Japan to the US and Britain. Negotiations with the Japanese aimed at securing supplies of aviation fuel collapsed in June 1941, and the Japanese started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year.